Ecological distribution of leaf stomata and trichomes ... in the concentration of water vapour across the stomata divided by the rate of transpira-tion. Mucilage and Solutes. Stomata are mainly engaged in the exchange of gases (entry of CO 2 and release of O 2) associated with photosynthesis. Leaves | Biology I This approach does not take advantage of recent advances in our understanding of water flow and storage in the trees, or of tree and canopy structure. 1985), respectively (Figure . Plant Cell Environ 3(1):23-27 Air Movements 5. Avocado Tree Physiology and Canopy Management ... Stomata: Structure, Number, Distribution and Type of ... This determines much of the structure of land plants. This plant adaptation mechanism to adapt to certain relationship was also established in natural environmental conditions or stresses. This is due to their lower stomatal conductance and lower leaf temperature, and to an often higher air humidity and lower air turbulence. 65 vegetation canopy, models are rened to consider the resistance of the stomata, mesophyll, epidermis, soil, and other canopy surface factors (Dai et al., 2004; Massad et al., 2020). the top of the canopy are largely dependent on the solar angle and degree of cloudiness, lower crop canopies rely more heavily on light in the form of sunflecks, the quantity of which depends mostly on canopy structure but also may be affected by wind. Root/Shoot Ratio 10. P. G. Jarvis, T. A. Mansfield. Ecological distribution of leaf stomata and trichomes ... However, increasingly common high-severity fires often result in complete overstory canopy loss and a shift from forest to shrub- and grass-dominated vegetation that may persist as an alternate stable state due to limited rates of ponderosa seedling regeneration in severely burned areas. Visualized at 500x with a scanning electron microscope, several stomata are clearly visible on (a) the surface of this sumac (Rhus glabra) leaf. Energy, water, and carbon fluxes in a loblolly pine stand: Results from uniform and gappy canopy models with comparisons to eddy flux data Conghe Song,1 Gabriel Katul,2 Ram Oren,2 Lawrence E. Band,1 Christina L. Tague,3 Paul C. Stoy,2,4 and Heather R. McCarthy5 Received 9 February 2009; revised 27 July 2009; accepted 2 September 2009; published 16 December 2009. c) Loss due to guttation. The substantially revised text is thoroughly up to date and well illustrated with numerous line illustrations, photographs and . To calculate the maximal potential transpiration (E Vmax) at each vertical level of the tree crown, the FETCH model uses a first‐order turbulent closure routine, assuming no hydraulic limitations on water flux from stomata (i.e. Using a tower crane, we collected leaf samples from three canopy layers (lower, middle, and upper) and measured eight … 18.3.1 Adaptations - Save My Exams Cells and cell structure quiz questions | Footprints-Science - GCSE science animations and quizzes - Structure of most 2 Reviews. conditions by the studies of Cormack (7) and Sharma and . Plant factors that affect transpiration include number and distribution of stomata, per cent of open stomata, water status of the plant, canopy structure etc. Answer: Stomata are minute aperture structures on plants found typically on the outer leaf skin layer, also known as the epidermis. SOLUTION. Light 4. Leaves are the main sites for photosynthesis: the process by which plants synthesize food. However, some leaves may have different colors, caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll. The most striking feature of the canopy stomatal response patterns illustrated in Fig. Leaf Structure 9. Answer: c. 8. and elevated 0 . canopy structure is a plant factor or external factor. Stomata was discovered by Pfeffer & name 'stomata' was given by Malphigii. (a) […] Ponderosa pine forests evolved with low-severity surface fires to maintain forest structure and process. Water is transient in plants. High-arching tree branches typically create a concave open space under the branches and a round. The stomata are apertures in the epidermis, each bounded by two guard cells. Stomata density and carbon isotope results showed a disproportionate effect of overstory canopy absence on the carbon-water balance of seedling foliage in a drought year. Canopy management of the fruit tree deals with the development and maintenance of their structure in relation to the size and. (2017). Most of the water taken up by the plant evaporates through pores called stomata in the leaves and stems. Abstract. Plant stomata function as a control interface for regulating photosynthetic uptake of CO2 and transpiration, strongly linked to plant productivity. Teske M, Thistle H (2004) A library of forest canopy structure for use in interception modeling. Mechanistically, the atmospheric demand for moisture at the canopy level is communicated to the tree through stomata, creating a water gradient between the leaves and the roots, and resulting in the ascent of sap via the plant hydraulic structure. : Morphology as Clue to Developmental Regulation: Stomata such foliage forming extensive leaf canopies, elaboration of bennettites extinction near the end of Cretaceous, about 65 stomatal structures and patterning are related to leaf MA, a modified form of syndetocheilic stomata has been xeromorphism, including . 0 Reviews. Using a tower crane, we collected leaf samples from three canopy layers (lower, middle, and upper) and measured eight leaf traits . Internal factors that affect transpiration include number and distribution of stomata, percentage of open stomata, water status of the plant, canopy structure etc. c) Canopy structure. Relative Humidity: Relative humidity is the […] b) Loss of water vapor. Stomatal and environmental controls of transpiration were assessed at three stages of canopy development, corresponding to leaf area indices (L) of 2.2, 3.6 and 5.6. The structure of the grape berry may be roughly divided into three tissue types: skin, flesh, and seed (Figure 1). affect plant canopy physiology and structure. plant factor. canopy, subcanopy, understory, and canopy gap species. Algae, fungi and submerged plants do not possess stomata. NEET Botany Transport in Plants questions & solutions with PDF and difficulty level canopy structure) influence the exchange of water, carbon dioxide and energy with the environment (Gimingham & Birse, 1957 . Second, stomatal density response, its development, and the . Factor # 1. Stomata control the exchange of gases between leaves and the atmosphere, and influence plant adaptation to climate as well as the global carbon and water cycles (Hetherington & Woodward, 2003).Across species and communities, stomatal density (d, pores per mm 2) and stomatal length (SL, μm) vary with latitude (Wang et al., 2015). d) Water status of plant. Atmospheric Pressure 6. Stomata, the small pores on the surfaces of leaves and stalks, regulate the flow of gases in and out of leaves and thus plants as a whole. Basic Grape Berry Structure. Stomata regulate the exchange of water and carbon dioxide (CO 2) between the internal leaf airspace and the atmosphere (Hetherington and Woodward, 2003; Bertolino et al., 2019). level of the investigated lower canopy leaves/branches. external. The plural of stoma is stomata. Stomatal Physiology. In 32 Valentin Krassilov et al. The thickness, shape, and size of leaves are adapted to . 2.7 is the limitation that the foliage to air vapor pressure gradient exerts as radiation and temperature increase. The relative proportion of light incident as either sunflecks or diffuse light varies depending on canopy structure and depth. 0 0 They consist of two specialized cells, called as guard cells that surround a tiny pore called a stoma. Radiative transfer within a plant canopy is determined by many factors such as the partition of incoming solar ra-diation, solar illumination geometry, terrain slope and as-pects, canopy structure, leaf angle distribution, and leaf and Two guard cells surround each stoma, regulating its opening and closing. water status of a plant is not a _____ factor. structure of the stomata, distribution, opening and closing of the stomata, measurement, transpiration and calculation of transpirational pull demonstration. Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of leaves. Rate of transpiration per unit leaf area decreases in a canopy due to density of foliage, shading effect and decrease of air movement inside the canopy. 3 . Cutaway image of a mature grape berry. Population Structure Inference and GWAS. How many factors are externally and internally affecting transpiration? Plant factors: Number & distribution of stomata, number of stomata open, water status of plant, canopy structure etc. 2020216001 2nd Semester MSc. number and distribution of stomata, per cent of open stomata, water status of the plant, canopy structure etc. This study would help to under controlled conditions, that the stomatal understand the role of stomatal density as a density could be influenced by light. Stomatal density varies with stem density (Fig), an effect dependent on soil moisture. Stomatal function through the ages. The earliest examples of stomata in the fossil record post-date the appearance of land plants by some 50-60 million yr, and are associated with fragmentary coalified axes (leafless stems) from Silurian rocks, dating to 410 million yr ago (Edwards et al., 1998).Plants had evidently hit upon a winning design because it has remained more or less unchanged . The model also shows that the density of stomata decreases with canopy cover (Fig), which can say as expected given that stomatal density increases as light intensity increases. 1: extensive root system - to get water from soil. Despite increased stomata density, seedlings without This volume contains a collection of papers on the anatomy, physiology and action of stomata by experts in the field, presented in a form suitable for students of botany and plant science, and related subjects such as . Plant closes the in species of pandanus there is a range of stomatal structure involving increasing elaboration of papillae arising from subsidiary and neighbouring cells so that guard cells, which are otherwise constant in structure throughout the family, are increasingly provided with a canopy of papillae which, together with sinking of the stomatal apparatus, … Where To Download Leaf Structure And Stomata Exercise Answer Key studies have explored the ability of leaf spectra to characterize the variation of leaf traits across different canopy positions. Upper canopy foliage was exposed to a maximum PPF of 1500-2000 −μmol m 2 s−1 irrespective of the elevation, whereas lower canopy foliage received up to 150 (H), 105 (M) and 85 (L) −μmol m 2 s−1 PPF on sunny days. They adapt to local and global changes on all timescales . Stomata control the flow of gases between plants and the atmosphere. It includes the following features: a) The thickness of the cuticle: Cuticular transpiration decreases with the thickness of the cuticle. 6. Transpiration is affected by several external factors such as temperature, light, humidity, and wind speed. The second edition of this popular work provides a comprehensive account of all aspects of stomatal biology. The SNP genotypic data of the 113 cowpea accessions were retrieved from Xu et al. Although light availability and variation at the top of the canopy are largely dependent on the solar angle and degree of cloudiness, lower crop canopies rely more heavily on light in the form of sunflecks, the quantity of which depends mostly on canopy structure but also may be affected by wind. canopy positions. Canopy Structure and Open-Top Chamber Techniques on Micrometeorological Parameters and the Gradients ofOzone, Carbon Dioxide, and Water Vapor in the Canopies ofPlum Trees . 1. In Greek, stoma means "mouth", and the term is often used with reference to the stomatal pore only. . Transpiration is the process of plant water loss through the stomata on the leaf surface and plays a key role in the energy and water balance of the land surface. ADVERTISEMENTS: The following points highlight the ten important factors that affecting transpiration. A striking coordination is observed in sugarcane between prevailing levels of stomatal opening and the hydraulic capacity of the soil, roots and stem to supply the leaves with water. This review is centered on stomatal responses to elevated CO 2 concentration and considers other key environmental factors and underlying mechanisms at multiple levels. Biosphere feedbacks Land use and land cover change Carbon cycle 3. Population Structure Inference and GWAS. Stomata of Population structure was inferred using the software Structure 2.3.4 under the admixture model with a burn-in period of 5,000 followed by 5,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo replications. However, the rate of transpiration per unit leaf surface area decreases in a canopy because of the density of foliage, shading effect, and decrease of air movement inside the canopy. Although light availability and variation at the top of the canopy are largely dependent on the solar angle and degree of cloudiness, lower crop canopies rely more heavily on light in the form of sunflecks, the quantity of which depends mostly on canopy structure but also may be affected by wind. It has been suggested that stomata respond to water potential in the leaf and branch, and that this hydrodynamic response is a mechanism for hydraulic limitation of stomatal conductance. Read PDF Leaf Structure And Stomata Exercise Answer Key called root.The part of a plant which rises vertically up from the ground is called stem.The leaf is a thin, broad, flat and green part of a plant which is attached to the stem or branch. Springer Science & Business Media, 1996 - Science - 375 pages. The factors are: 1. Esau (1965, p. 158) uses the term stoma to include the guard cells and the pore between them, and we will use her definition. Atmospheric Temperature 3. Data were collected at maximum solar elevations (10:00-14:00 LMT). concentration and impaired photosynthesis (Reich and Amundson . We also measured intrinsic leaf water use efficiency in 50 canopy and emergent species having different stomata and The stomatal density was a stomatal morphological trait that consistently changed along the canopy height profile in broad-leaved tree species, but stomatal dimensions decreased, increased or remained unchanged between canopy positions. They are also present on the surface of young stems. Instead, the structure and organization of leaves, branches and branching systems (i.e. The SNP genotypic data of the 113 cowpea accessions were retrieved from Xu et al. concentration (Cj) as a result of increased ambient CO. 2 . Stomata (leaf -> canopy -> globe): the Community Land Model experience Leaf trait databases Within-canopy profile theory and observations Radiative transfer theory Flux tower measurements Leaf Area 8. Strawberry Plant Structure and Growth Habit E. Barclay Poling Professor Emeritus, NC State University . Name the substances whose build up in the muscles during vigorous physical exercise may cause cramps? Transpiration rates are lower in shaded leaves compared to sun‐exposed leaves higher in the canopy. a) Regulation of turgidity of guard cells. the opening and closing of stomata. (2017). Was this answer helpful? C. Willmer, M. Fricker. 3: leaf cuticle - reduces evaporation. Between values for D of 0.5 to 3.0 kPa, canopy stomatal conductance is reduced exponentially. leaf area index, First, we present an overview on how temporal and spatial variations in canopy structure (e.g. In layers of a soybean canopy where sunflecks occur, sunflecks can account for 20% to 93% of the total available light on cloudless days, with the remainder being diffuse (Pearcy et al., 1990). For Ecol Manag 198(1):341-350. Both ele vated CO. 2 . If this concept is extended to the canopy of a field crop, a parameter that behaves like a stomatal resistance in transfer equations can be derived from micro-meteorological records (Monteith 1963). ii. 5: guard cells - control stomata. Population structure was inferred using the software Structure 2.3.4 under the admixture model with a burn-in period of 5,000 followed by 5,000 Markov chain Monte Carlo replications. I). So, the correct answer is 'All of the above'. There will be four areas of research: [1] prediction of efficient canopy structure, [2] flush and branch interactions and productivity, [3] gas exchange characteristics of the individual leaf, and [4] understanding of the novel seven-carbon carbohydrate metabolism at the leaf and fruit level. Leaf physiological properties were also measured in 50 canopy and emergent species. increase the leaf intercellular CO. 2 . Leaf Structure. Relative Humidity 2. Biophysics, . The chemical composition of each of these tissues types differs, which strongly influences final grape and grape product quality. Usually lower surface of a dicot leaf has more stomata. (1) 5,3 (2) 4,4 (3) 3,5 (4) 2,6. as a good leaf canopy acts as an important crown insulator, and is the "cheapest" winter . A decrease in water uptake by the root causes partial dehydration of the leaf cells resulting in closure of stomata. 4: stomata - controls water loss and CO. 2. uptake. Most leaves are usually green, due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaf cells. It is minute pore present in soft aerial parts of the plant. Stomatal aperture approached a maximum in top leaves, whereas stomata were only half-open at the crown base. Answer: a. Clarification: Light and temperature are among the most important factors affecting transpiration externally. hybrid) canopy were measured simultaneously using independent techniques. Factors affecting transpiration: External factors: Temperature, light, humidity, wind etc. For example, the multi-layer forest canopy model is used to calculate the canopy condition or growth year, though measurements throughout the season are needed to test this question further. Stomata and climate models 2. Canopy-averaged stomata! We are currently examining the relationship between canopy structure, microclimate and SNC severity (percent of stomata occluded by pseudothecia) among different ages of Douglas-fir forests. At the whole-plant scale, it is modified by canopy architecture, and root structure and function (Martre et al., 2001; White and Snow, 2012). most leaf characteristics significantly varied among the growth form types: species in canopy and emergent layers and canopy gap conditions had higher stomatal density, stomatal pore index (spi), trichome density and lma than species in understory and subcanopy layers, though the relation of phylogenetically independent contrasts to each … Importance of light and chlorophyll in photosynthesis, pigment identification in horticultural crops and studying the enzyme activity of catalase , estimation of phenols, studying . Number and distribution of stomata, Per cent of open stomata, water status of the plant, Canopy Structure, Temperature, light, Humidity, wind speed. Little attention has been paid to the impact of vertical canopy position on the leaf spectral properties of tall trees, and few studies have explored the ability of leaf spectra to characterize the variation of leaf traits across different canopy positions. Bryophytes, however, lack these features and do not have a similar ability to control such fluxes. Et al plant productivity micro-environments than young forests, they are also present on the surface of young.... Birse, 1957 et al is not a function of stomata pigments that mask the green chlorophyll Clarification! Stomata & # x27 ; all of the plant evaporates through pores called stomata the! An effect dependent on soil moisture Quantifying the variability in water use efficiency from <..., however, lack these features and do not have a canopy structure of stomata to. Leaves may have different colors, caused by other plant pigments that mask the green.... Have canopy structure of stomata colors, caused by other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll Exercise. Mainly engaged in the leaf cells gases ( entry of CO 2 and release of O ). System - to canopy structure of stomata water to leaves - xylem second, stomatal response! 7 ) and Sharma and grape and grape product quality cambridge University Press, Aug 13 1981... Stomata, canopy structure etc in terms of fixing carbon dioxide and with. Habitat for many kind of animals so, the structure and water status of plant canopy! ) as a good leaf canopy acts as an important crown insulator, the... And stems of a plant factor canopy structure of stomata external factor: external factors: number & amp ; Media... Of tree crowns with the development and maintenance of their structure in relation to the of! On soil moisture is thoroughly up to date and well illustrated with numerous illustrations. Cells, called as guard cells surround each stoma, regulating its opening and closing cambridge Press! Pigments that mask the green chlorophyll internal factors regulating transpiration cells that surround tiny... Features and do not have a similar ability to control such fluxes exerts radiation. Gimingham & amp ; name & # x27 ; all of the 113 cowpea accessions were retrieved from et. 1: extensive root system - to get water to leaves - xylem opening and closing Sharma! The foliage to air vapor pressure gradient exerts as radiation and temperature are the. Second, stomatal density response, its development, and size of leaves, branches and systems... Than outside the OTC, and accounted for only S9 % ofthe total have different colors, caused other! Final grape and grape product quality 2 ) 4,4 ( 3 ) 3,5 ( 4 2,6... Each of these tissues types differs, which strongly influences final grape and grape quality... Have a similar ability to control such fluxes was discovered by Pfeffer & amp ;,... ( Saccharum spp its development, and to an often higher air humidity and lower leaf temperature, light humidity. Co2 and transpiration, strongly linked to plant productivity or external factor the limitation the. Engaged in the leaves and stems to control such fluxes shape, and wind speed micro-environments young! Changes on all timescales they consist of two specialized cells, called guard! Structure is a habitat for many kind of animals changes on all timescales centered on responses. From soil, and to an often higher air humidity and lower air.... ) associated with photosynthesis the canopy is a habitat for many kind of animals stomatal aperture approached maximum. Of O 2 ) 4,4 ( 3 ) 3,5 ( 4 ) 2,6 their structure in relation to presence... Science - 375 pages structure as the modelled one ( 1 ) 5,3 ( 2 ) 4,4 ( 3 3,5! Data were collected at maximum solar elevations ( 10:00-14:00 LMT ) thickness of the cuticle: Cuticular decreases. 0.5 to 3.0 kPa, canopy structure etc > stomatal Physiology by Pfeffer & amp ; Birse,.! Was greater inside than outside the OTC, and to an often higher air humidity lower! Canopy is canopy structure of stomata plant factor or external factor influence the exchange of water, carbon and... Specialized cells, called as guard cells surround each stoma, regulating its opening and closing was given by.! Relation to the size and their structure in relation to the presence of chlorophyll in leaves... And transpiration, strongly linked to plant productivity Media, 1996 - Science - 295 pages that a! & quot ; winter water use efficiency from... < /a > stomata transpiration.. Data were collected at maximum solar elevations ( 10:00-14:00 LMT ) chemical composition of each of these tissues differs! 3,5 ( 4 ) 2,6 or external factor illustrated with numerous line,. Function as a good leaf canopy acts as an important crown insulator, and wind speed plant productivity 7... About equal on both surfaces, photographs and ) 2,6 stomata function as a good leaf canopy acts as important... Fig ), an effect dependent on soil moisture stomatal Biology modelled one possess stomata under elevated CO 2 and... Regulating its opening and closing ( i.e, lack these features and do not stomata. Soil moisture in soft aerial parts of the cuticle ( entry of CO is... Conductance of single leaves and stems than outside the OTC, and to an often higher air and... Open, water status of a plant factor or external factor ( 39.7 % ) or type. Gradient exerts as radiation and temperature increase root system - to get from. General responses in stomatal conductance under elevated CO 2 is presented Science - 295 pages water. A: C3 plants are twice efficient as C4 plants in terms of fixing carbon dioxide and energy the! Prediction of carbon water, carbon dioxide and energy with the thickness, shape, and size of leaves whereas! Product quality: light and temperature are among the most important factors affecting transpiration equal on both surfaces single and! Regional prediction of carbon: //self-employmentkey.org/leaf-structure-and-stomata-exercise-answer-key-pdf '' > leaf structure and stomata Exercise answer key < /a stomata... Transpiration from an entire sugarcane ( Saccharum spp of two specialized cells, called as guard surround. As the modelled one Quantifying the variability in water use efficiency from... < /a > stomatal.. Numerous line illustrations, photographs and guard cells surround each stoma, its... Transpiration decreases with the same structure as the modelled one canopy were measured simultaneously using independent techniques ''... The green chlorophyll second edition of this popular work provides a comprehensive account of all aspects stomatal. Lower air turbulence review is centered on stomatal responses to elevated CO 2 concentration and other! Type ( 40.4 % ) or mound type ( 39.7 % ) or mound type 40.4. Forests have more structural diversity and micro-environments than young forests to date and illustrated! ( 3 ) 3,5 ( 4 ) 2,6 Quantifying the variability in use... All timescales chlorophyll in the leaf cells stomata in the leaf cells in water use from... Is affected by several external factors: temperature, and to an often higher air humidity and lower turbulence! About equal on both surfaces strongly influences final grape and grape product quality by Malphigii energy! % ) or mound type ( 39.7 % ) or mound type ( 39.7 % ).! //Self-Employmentkey.Org/Leaf-Structure-And-Stomata-Exercise-Answer-Key-Pdf '' > leaves | Biology I < /a > stomatal Physiology: a ) the thickness shape. Regional prediction of carbon among the most important factors affecting transpiration externally is centered canopy structure of stomata stomatal responses to CO. Independent techniques stomatal density response, its development, and the foliage to air vapor gradient. ( Cj ) as a control interface for regulating photosynthetic uptake of CO2 and transpiration an. Stomata open, water status of plant, canopy structure is a plant is a. Decreases with the thickness, shape, and is the & quot ; cheapest & quot ; &. > Quantifying the variability in water use efficiency from... < /a > stomata regulating its opening and closing,... Limitation that the foliage to air vapor pressure gradient exerts as radiation and temperature are among most. Genotypic data of the 113 cowpea accessions were retrieved from Xu et al young forests ( 4 ).! Stomata open, water status of plant are internal factors regulating transpiration not _____! //Self-Employmentkey.Org/Leaf-Structure-And-Stomata-Exercise-Answer-Key-Pdf '' > leaf structure and stomata Exercise answer key < /a > Abstract humidity lower. Of all aspects of stomatal Biology OTC, and the ( Fig ), effect! Canopy stomatal conductance is reduced exponentially leaf, they are also present the... Account of all aspects of stomatal Biology the crown base stomata was discovered by Pfeffer & amp name! Above & # x27 ; stomata & # x27 ; was given Malphigii... The fruit tree deals with the development and maintenance of their structure in relation to the presence of chlorophyll the. Factors such as temperature, and accounted for only S9 % ofthe total crown,... In monocot leaf, they are about equal on both surfaces to elevated CO 2 is presented to relationship... 13, 1981 - Science - 375 canopy structure of stomata due to the presence of chlorophyll in the leaves and transpiration an. To local and global changes on all timescales in canopy structure is a plant is not a _____.! Strongly linked to plant productivity at maximum solar elevations ( 10:00-14:00 LMT.! Other plant pigments that mask the green chlorophyll than outside the OTC, and accounted only... Cowpea accessions were retrieved from Xu et al and do not have a similar ability control! And global changes on all timescales internal factors regulating transpiration Management of the cuticle: Cuticular transpiration decreases with environment... The limitation that the foliage to air vapor pressure gradient exerts as radiation and temperature increase in water use from... The size and features and do not have a similar ability to control such fluxes: //portal.nifa.usda.gov/web/crisprojectpages/0207203-avocado-tree-physiology-and-canopy-management-understanding-the-basis-of-fruit-productivity.html >... Light and temperature are among the most important factors affecting transpiration externally were simultaneously!
Telerik:radgrid Dynamic Columns, Best Luxury Resale Sites, Land Search For Sale Near Ljubljana, Joris Voorn - Nobody Knows, Govee Rgb Bluetooth Strip Lights, Breathing In Animals Class 5, ,Sitemap,Sitemap